Origin And Importance Of Rattan Weaving Cultural Studies Essay

Cause And Importance Of Rattan Weaving Cultural Studies Essay A conventional method of occupation to a portion of our nearby individuals. For the most part the weavers are visually impaired individuals which had been prepared by Ministry of Welfare to allow this individuals to acquire and make living with this activity. It is likewise one of Terengganu well known art that can be purchased as a trinket or can be use in an every day work. Its is one method of broadening the workmanship items and form this privately-run company into an increasingly methodical industry creating long haul, elevated requirement quality items, that can enter the vacationer and business markets. Mengkuang (screw pine leaves) or pandanus weaving is one of the customary expressions still especially alive and its items are as yet sought after. The Mengkuang and pandan leaves are discovered plenitude in the nearby wildernesses. The leaves are first cut in quite a while and dried in the sun. When dried, it is bubbled and colored with vegetable hues. As yet utilizing the customary weaving methods, the mengkuang or pandan leaves are looped, plaited, twined and woven to make flawlessly items, for example, mats, funnel shaped food covers, basic food item sacks, hand fans, containers, tissue beautifying boxes, caps, totes, shoes, handbags and pencil cases. The capability of Mengkuang/pandan has been taken advantage of and making expanding requests by voyagers and local people. The Mengkuang/pandan completed items are broadly accessible at the Central Market and keepsake shops. Wau Making Wau (articulate as goodness) can show up in all shapes and size yet the most mainstream and well known kite is the moon kite (Wau Bulan) and feline kite (Wau Kucing) in the east coast. Kite making requires persistence and enormous aptitude. Bamboo will be cut and make into the casing or skeleton of the kite. The best an ideal opportunity to cut the bamboo is in November or December and this will be saved for 10 months before it is part and absorbed water followed by warmed to fix and toughen. Then again, plans are followed on a colored and sparkling coated paper and afterward painstakingly cut out and stuck on paper which is stuck to the bamboo skeleton. The plans are regularly blossoms with vines which connotes ladies (bloom) and man (vine), eg. on the off chance that the blossoms are in bud structure, it represents a young lady and so forth. In some more established structures, blossoms were drawn from the side and back to speak to the modest and saved character of female back then though for the vines, the all the more wandering the vines, the more exciting bends in the road in a keeps an eye on life. There are likewise waus that are made utilizing the batik strategy or painted by batik specialists and the plans are in every case increasingly innovative and less formalized by custom. It is never a simple activity to fly a Wau kite into the sky. A customary Wau can be as large as 3.5m in stature and 2.5 m wing range and normally needs the assistance of a gathering of individual to carry it to the sky. To pick a decent kite, you should take a gander at the agreeable hues coordinated and the blossoms just as the vines drawn which speak to the inward condition of the kite creator. In a blustery day, a Wau can fly up to 450m into the sky. Batik Hand drawn batik is a wonderful and sensitive craftsmanship which requires ability, persistence, carefulness, style and imagination. Batik is characteristic for the style world, be it in cotton or silk or really taking shape of sarongs, scarf, pareos, shirts, shorts, satchels, totes and even shoes. Terengganu batik shows inventiveness and isn't marketed along these lines, holding its cost for the nature of the material and the tastefulness of the plans. An uncommon wax is blended in with golden and bubbled over a moderate fire to keep up the ideal temperature. On white cotton or silk textures, an exceptional copper reciting pen plunged with the wax. The plans reflect nature-based themes, for example, botanical prints and marine life to deliver a free-form handrawn themes. Every drawings are unique. Another strategy is by utilizing either tin, copper or metal square print stepped with blossoms or conceptual structures. They are first plunged into the wax and afterward used to print the structures on the white textures. Hues will be included after the wax had dried. Various hues can be included without spreading onto different parts as the wax makes areas inside the plans. The textures will at that point dunked in bubbling water to wash off the wax and to fortify the hues before the batik can be made into various items. The rich prints stand apart on mens shirts and womens dresses. Batik keepsakes incorporate pareos, scarfs, divider boards, bowties, totes, handbags and shoes. Contemporary batik plans are likewise being presented as originator wear, to ease batik to selective global norms. Batiks are accessible at different shops particularly at the focal market. Watch out however for low quality batik sold at excessive cost. The hues are effectively fallen off, as a rule on the principal wash. Purchasing at a built up batik shops along these lines ensures the nature of the items. Songket The roots of the a wide range of bright and conventional material are lost in ancient times. The specialty of songket weaving comprise of utilizing customary treasure to make mind boggling songket brocade through careful weaving with gold or silver strings. Songket is a rich texture that is worn uniquely on favorable events and used to be the materials of eminence. It is presently the headgear of Sultans, Chief Ministers and the States Cabinet individuals. The weaving procedure generally takes a couple of days for typical and straightforward structures songket material yet for increasingly complicated plans, as a rule takes over about fourteen days and can costs a huge number of Malaysian Ringgit. A few shops in Kuala Terengganu sell this lofty texture that arrives in a variety of both lively and pastel shades. The rich and stunning songket is gradually being brought into the worldwide design scene by adjusting it to an increasingly contemporary style. Wood Carving Wood cutting was initially found in places of sulatans or Malay honorability as a feature of their inside embellishment and the skilled workers were charged for their administrations. Since human delineation is restricted in Islam, Malay wood cutting gets its motivation from verdure, creature theme and Islamic workmanship however this has never impact its best aesthetically structures. Terengganu wood cutting not just found in the bars, entryways, window screens of a house, yet in addition in the customary pontoon making industry and some furniture things, for example, couch, bed casing and mirror outline and as little as an adornments box. Brassware The individuals in Terengganu are notable for their inventiveness. A basic thing will transform into a generally perfect and fragile article by their hands. Brassware is commonly a house movement. It is normal that the child will gain proficiency with the ability and exchanging methodology from his dad whom had likewise gained from his dad and later delivers to the following ages. In any case whether it is from silver, wood or pewter, brassware like containers, ashtrays, containers, flame stands, napkin holders, filigree gems, incense burners and so on are transformed into a bit of fine and respectable workmanship and simultaneously with down to earth use. This is the reason brassware is consistently one of the perfect surveniors that one can bring home. It is accepted that the abilities were instructed to the neighborhood people by Chinese pilgrims from Funan. The lost-wax strategy is generally utilized, however sandcasting is additionally utilized. At the Central Market, or Pasar P ayang, situated by the Terengganu waterway, brassware is sold among numerous different temptations. Keris Making This twofold edged wavy edge knife is the interchangeable with the Malay culture and lifestyle. In the antiquated time, a man strolls without a keris was similar to strolling around in bare. Back then, keris was constantly accepted to be blessed with enchanted forces and gatekeeper soul, this makes it serves the capacity as weapon to guard oneself in a battle and to use for therapeutic purposes. There are bunch of Malay legendaries about keris. The well known among these will be the keris of Hang Tuah who is the Malay saint during the Sultanate of Melaka. Hang Tuahs keris, Taming Sari was introduced by the King of Majapahit to Sultan of Melaka after Hang Tuah won in a test. This keris was accepted to have blessed with amazing soul. Whoever has this keris would achieve immunity. There was a story saying that Hang Tuah murdered his beloved companion, Hang Jebat in light of being backstabbing to the Sultan with this Taming Sari. He was exceptionally embarrassed to have murdered his own cherished companion for the sake of reliability, thusly he at that point restored the keris to the Sultan. There is consistently sentiment and experience and honorability in a keris. On account of being so valuable, keris is in every case exceptionally esteemed and rewarded with extraordinary consideration. Keris has two sort of shapes: keris lurus (straight keris) and keris luk (wandering keris). Empu, the keris creator will make the knife understanding with the desire of buyer. Regardless of whether straight or luk, this may be finished during which the nickel embedded iron bar is over and again being manufactured and seethed. The liquid plan of the edge makes the keris stand apart as an exceptional knife like weapon. Its luxurious cut handle likewise accommodates a solid hold. It is no big surprise that the keris is one of the most seasoned of individual weapons. Produced using the mix of eight to ten distinct metals, the otherworldly characteristics of the keris are known to incorporate the spirits of warriors. A few fantasies even caution that specific deadly knifes ought to never be basically expelled from their sheaths for their cutting edges must taste blood before being embedded again. Keris making is considered as a withering craftsmanship in Malaysia, anyway visit to the keris making focus in Kampung Pasir Panjang and Kampung Ladang Titian in Kuala Terengganu is as yet worth. Here you can perceive how a bit of crude iron is to transform into this centrality and importance rich weapon. You can likewise buy you own bit of keris assortment with generally modest cost. Beaded pieces of jewelry The Rungus, the locals of the Kudat territory, have for quite some time been known to

The Last Judgment Essay Example For Students

The Last Judgment Essay Michelangelo was probably the best craftsman ever. He exceeded expectations in design, mold, painting, verse, and building. He was a genuine Renaissance man who carried on with a long passionate life. In painting â€Å"The Last Judgment,† Michelangelo had the option to fuse all that he had found out about the human body. He had the option to show the manner in which the body moved, just as it’s presentations of intemperate energy, overpowering misery, or unending torment. This is the thing that makes â€Å"The Last Judgment† such a special and remarkable gem. In the spring of 1534, Michelangelo got a commission from Clement VII to paint â€Å"The Last Judgment† on the special stepped area mass of the Sistine Chapel. He was likewise dispatched right now to paint a â€Å"Fall of the Angels† on the passageway divider, yet this subsequent work was rarely executed. He had painted the roof of the Sistine Chapel somewhere in the range of twenty eight years earlier, however the style of his â€Å"The Last Judgment† would incredibly contrast from that of the roof. We will compose a custom article on The Last Judgment explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Before Michelangelo could start, there were numerous arrangements to be made. A platform must be assembled and the divider must be readied. Five canvases by Perugino and Michelangelo must be expelled. Two windows must be walled up and Michelangelo â€Å"ordered it to be slanted forward by about a large portion of an ell toward the top, trusting in this style to ensure his neutralize the aggregation of dust.† (Brandes 388)Sebastiano del Piombo had convinced the pope that the composition would glance best in oil, and the divider was hence arranged to get oil shades. This deferred the start of the work, since Michelangelo pronounced oil-painting to be a â€Å"effeminate art† and demanded painting â€Å"al fresco,† as he had finished with the roof. The divider must be done over and Michelangelo never addressed Sebastiano, who had once been an understudy of Michelangelo. (Brandes 389)There were numerous past portrayals of the Last Judgment which impacted Michelangeloà ¢â‚¬â„¢s plan for the work of art. Such different works incorporate Giotto’s painting on the mass of the Camposanto in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano’s mold on the platform of the San Andrea in Pistoia, and Fra Angelica’s and Signorelli’s frescoes in Orvieto. At long last, there is the converse side of an emblem his old educator Bertoldo had made for Archbishop Filipo de’ Medici. (Brandes 385)Michelangelo started the mammoth artistic creation at some point during April and May of 1536. He worked thoroughly on the venture until he tumbled from the framework a couple of months preceding the fruition of the composition and truly hurt his leg. Following his recuperation, Michelangelo came back to take a shot at â€Å"The Last Judgment.† It was finished in October of 1541 and uncovered on Christmas Day two months after the fact. (Symonds 328)Many were shocked to see the incredible measure of bareness which filled the work of art. They didn't feel that it was proper for such heavenly individuals to be delineated without garments on. Michelangelo felt that it was the body which climbs to Heaven, not the garments. Shockingly, Michelangelo’s magnum opus just stayed unblemished for a long time, so, all things considered craftsmen were dispatched to paint garments on the â€Å"most excellent nudes.† (Brandes 392-394)The focal figure of â€Å"The Last Judgment† is obviously, Christ. Be that as it may, the Christ which shows up in Michelangelo’s â€Å"The Last Judgment,† isn't the common adoring, and thoughtful Christ delineated all through the Renaissance. The fresco is overwhelmed by Christ â€Å"as the medieval appointed authority of the worldâ€a goliath whose may right arm is lifted in a signal of punishment so expansive and all inclusive as to propose he will decimate all creation, Heaven and earth alike.† (Croix, Tansey, and Kirkpatrick 665) Michelangelo followed the custom of others in having Christ at the top, with his hand raised, more splendid than the remainder of the holy messengers and devils. Christ appears to have a cruel and cold articula tion which assists Michelangelo’s delineation of Christ as the Judge. .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .postImageUrl , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:hover , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:visited , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:active { border:0!important; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:active , .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u8f75489e9481eee 554a53eaf81065839 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8f75489e9481eee554a53eaf81065839:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Persuasive Essay - the Arts in the EducationStanding nearest to Jesus on the privilege is St. John. He is the youngster who shapes the partner to the Madonna, however he is totally in stunningness of Christ, while the Madonna appears to hang in a type of disappointment. She doesn't look toward Christ, nor toward any other individual. The huge man to one side, holding the way to paradise is St. Dwindle. He is by all accounts approaching Jesus for whom he is to open the entryway to Heaven. St. Peter’s partner on the left is Adam what gaze's identity is fixed eagerly on his Master. Near him is Abel and on Adam’s opposite side, nearest to Christ, is the Good Thief. Beneath Christ there are two extraordinary figures to one side and left. St. Lawrence to one side holds his field, while St. Bartholomew holds in his left hand the skin which had been excoriated from his body. It is in this skin one can see a self-picture of Michelangelo. Behind Bartholomew we see the head and shoulders of a stooping youth. This is the Apostle Thomas. The line of holy people is proceeded to one side with St. Catherine, twisting around the wheel on which she was martyred, and St. Sebastian stooping and holding in his left hand the bolts that had penetrated him. (Brandes 389-391)In the space toward the base, straightforwardly b eneath Christ, one can see strong heavenly attendants blowing their horns. There are seven blessed messengers, which Michelangelo found in Revelation 8, 2. They additionally have the two books, the Book of Life and the Book of Judgment. These books are regularly referenced in the Old Testament as holding all the records of our activities and conclude who will be permitted into paradise. To the privilege are the censured spirits. They are plunging descending to the base of the divider. They are tormented by evil spirits with consuming eyes and are loaded up with despair. The incredible fury of the Lord has arrived. Charon’s vessel (which is in Greek folklore) is loading up with travelers and to the extreme right stands Minos, enclosed by snakes, prepared to pass judgment on the individuals who have been sent to him. It is said that Michelangelo displayed Minos after the ecclesiastical speaker, Biagio, who had griped about the bareness in â€Å"The Last Judgment.† (Brandes 391)On the left, the spared spirits ascend from their graves and expect the substance. They at that point start their climb toward Heaven. One may expect there to be as much delight on the left as there is torment on the right, yet these spirits are not loaded up with exceedingly incredible bliss. Michelangelo has filled them with a comparative measure of awfulness as the individuals w ho are on the right. The anointed ones are not welcomed with a grin from Christ who appears â€Å"far less slanted to absolve than to condemn.† (Brandes 385) These spirits appear to surge toward Heaven with no kind of class or style, just attempting to beat each other there. â€Å"The Last Judgment† is far not the same as the fresco artistic creations that Michelangelo had done on the roof of the Sistine Chapel. The whole state of mind has changed. On the roof, the thoughts of expectation and magnification appear to run, yet on the special raised area divider, there is the delineation of Christ as the unforgiving Judge. â€Å"The Last Judgment† has a â€Å"drastically plain and direct style, with squarish instead of graceful figures,† (Creighton 30) while the roof has an increasingly confused style. Likewise, the figures of the special raised area divider don't have a similar measure of excellence as the figures of the cei

Multinational Expansion Of Companies Essay Example for Free

Global Expansion Of Companies Essay Ghe expanding global extension of organizations requires people who can perform viably across national outskirts by taking care of cross national employment assignments (Stahl Bjorkman 2006). Exiles/universal appointees are representatives who work outside their national outskirts. A great deal relies upon human asset (HR) the executives in choosing suitable workforce and remunerating them as needs be in company’s eventual benefits. HR chiefs need to show aptitude in picking appropriate work force for global assignments dependent on employee’s individual attributes, interests, abroad experience and the sort worldwide task. Additionally, it turns into the duty of HR administrators to care for pay bundles, and consistence with territorial work principles and government arrangements. Consequently, it is important to survey every one of these issues in detail to increase a thought on the job of HR experts comparable to worldwide appointees. Initially, to comprehend the parts of exile choice and capacities, it is first important to audit the explanation behind worldwide extension of organizations and their necessities. Organizations Go Global  â â â â â â â â â â There are different purposes behind organizations picking worldwide presence. They remember expanded weight for costs, look for new markets, more noteworthy client requests and item and administration characteristics, government approaches, quest and want for innovation advancement, overall correspondence and data stream, expanding worldwide open doors with association of countries in exchanging coalitions, incorporating societies and qualities prompting regular buyer requests, accessibility of gifted workforce, diminishing exchange hindrances, and E-trade (Briscoe Schuler 2004).  â â â â â â â â â â This expanding globalization expects organizations to search for representatives with capacity to work at differed conditions. As needs be, different rules are set for the determination of worldwide appointees. Worldwide trustees might be parent-nation nationals (PCNs), have nation nationals (HCNs) or third-nation nationals (TCNs) Choice of International Assignees  â â â â â â â â â â Human asset (HR) supervisors have a significant job in choosing global appointees. The profoundly followed determination process incorporates self-choice, making an applicant pool, specialized abilities appraisal and settling on a common choice (Frazee 1998).  â â â â â â â â â â HR the board needs to think about a few basis before choosing the up-and-comers, for example, candidate’s development, capacity to deal with unknown dialects, ownership of ideal point of view toward the universal task by the exile and his/her family (Briscoe Schuler 2004). Aside from these individual attributes like wellbeing, want for the task, singular genius and flexibility are significant.  â â â â â â â â â â International chosen ones ought to have different characteristics, for example, PC proficiency, judicious arranging aptitudes, capacity as a change specialist, visionary abilities and powerful delegatory abilities (Briscoe Schuler 2004). Elements of International Assignees  â â â â â â â â â â The elements of worldwide trustees may incorporate all or any of the accompanying territories relying upon work obligations. Specialized duties Administrative duties Social duties, for example, associating with neighborhood nationals and nearby networks When all is said in done, worldwide long haul assignments may change somewhere in the range of two and five a long time. In long haul assignments representatives are for the most part credited to the host organization by the home organization (Mullaney 2007, p. 3). The position and rank of the trustee regularly decide the idea of the task bundle. Official chosen ones are viewed as conspicuous individuals from the neighborhood supervisory group, while appointees at administrator level or beneath are credited with vocation advancement opportunity. An Insight on the Roles of HR Managers In the present globalization field, the job of human asset (HR) staff comparable to worldwide assignments ought to be seen in explicit points of view: human asset work force and universal appointees, and the job of past involvement with managing various representatives. Whatever the job is, the essential necessities are receptiveness to individuals, adaptability, self-sufficiency, and profession inspiration (Frazee, 1998, p. 29). Right off the bat, the stages in choice of global trustees can be portrayed as self-choice, making of an applicant pool, appraisal of specialized abilities, and settling on a shared choice. Right off the bat, the applicant needs to self dissect whether the person can be a worldwide trustee. In addition, the idealness of family and different conditions should be assessed. In choosing worldwide chosen ones, it is smarter to settle on self-determination than customary choice. While conventional determination in implied for picking appointees by bosses through different meetings and tests, self-choice advances self-appraisal of competitors and settle on whether to go for the following stage for choice procedure (Frazee, 1998, p. 29). The elements of self-determination incorporate character and individual attributes, vocation and family issues. As indicated by Johns, if there should arise an occurrence of faculty who move from another situation to HR, the involvement with past positions and the difference in affecting capacities relating to the post may help perform better as a HR administrator in managing workers from various foundations (as refered to in Frazee, 1998, p. 52).  â â â â Furthermore, HR administrators do have a significant job in appropriate direction of worldwide chosen ones and causing them to modify with new condition. In addition, HR work force need to assess the expenses related with ostracize programs. At long last, they may need to manage circumstances where representatives may ascend about contrasts in pay among nearby and worldwide chosen ones. Prerequisites of International Business Management in the Context of HR Professional in Working with International Assignees As I would like to think, such necessities as workforce arranging and staffing, preparing and wellbeing security, and Crisis Management are the focal issues of global business the executives with regards to HR calling when working with universal trustees. The most critical subject for arranging of preparing for universal appointees is the significance of understanding the confined culture and language. The association of the remuneration programs for numerous workforces around the globe is a compound and not a simple work that is placed into impact with the assistance of the monetary record approach.  Health and security rehearses fluctuate among nations according to related laws in those nations. Be that as it may, HR chiefs ought to comprehend and adapt to business choices that are worried about procedures, wellbeing and security frameworks, and various practices looked in nations that may have an effect upon workforces and worker relations between global trustees. In this way, the necessities incorporate learning the laws, frameworks of working and understanding the way of life of the nations. Worldwide HR exercises that include readiness, conspiring, organizing, actualizing, arranging, or creating might be fruitless on the off chance that they are utilized without thinking about the distinctions in nations. Fruitful procedures and frameworks that are utilized in one nation may bomb when they are utilized similarly in another. All the parts of the universal business have a human component. The human plan of action the board was disparaged for quite a while, yet its capacities and jobs, these days, are acknowledged to be one of the most significant. All things considered, ‘the HR experts should initially get familiar with the geology and attributes of the field’ (Ohmae, 1990). Potential Involvement of International HRM  â â â â â â â â â â With the expanding human asset issues in the worldwide organizations because of expanded worldwide activities, it has become to important to rethink the degree and job of the human asset the board.  â â â â â â â â â â International HRM ought to be included as a functioning accomplice in detailing worldwide techniques. Important abilities should be conferred into senior HR proficient through legitimate preparing. HR experts should lead creating procedures and exercises including rising methodologies (Briscoe Schuler 2004, p. 398). Organizations ought to encourage the advancement of worldwide methodologies by discovering the aptitudes fundamental for the board and representatives, and a significant job ought to be played by the HR office in achieving it (Briscoe Schuler 2004, p. 398). Improved association is basic among line the executives, HR staff and workgroups. Additionally, it is smarter to decentralize the elements of the home office IHR divisions. Likewise, fundamental HR divisions should allocate essential managerial obligations to sellers with ability in HR exercises, as the principle offices should manage many developing worldwide duties (Briscoe Schuler 2004, p. 398). Ostracize Performance, Training and Interactions Joint endeavors and outside auxiliaries are normally organized and sorted out a lot of like their mom organizations; the main qualification is that they have both exile and neighborhood directors. That’s why the worldwide business tasks are more troublesome and have more unpredictable structure than the residential business activities. Despite the adequacy or accessibility of Performance Management (PM) apparatuses, ostracize PM achievement relies to a great extent upon the administrator and exile being referred to: how well the two of them comprehend, disguise, and acknowledge PM, and how capable they are in its execution. To this end, suitable PM preparing ought to be accessible for all ostracizes, including their supe

General View of Photosynthesis - Free Essay Example

Photosynthesis is a physiological process by which green plants, algae and some forms of bacteria utilize energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. For the process of photosynthesis, plants require light energy from the sun, water and carbon dioxide (Johnson, 2016). This process takes place in two steps, one is light reaction and other is dark reaction. In light reaction the harvested light energy will be converted to chemical form i.e., formation of ATP and NADPH+H+ during photosynthetic electron transport. In dark reaction the produced formed energy rich compounds formed in light reaction are utilized to fix CO2 to sugars (Fig. 1). 6 CO2 + 6 H2O? C6H12O6 + 6O2 Organization of thylakoid membrane: The total process of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid membranes (present in the thylakoids) in chloroplast. A series of reactions takes place in the thylakoid membrane. It consists of two main compartments, one is grana where light harvesting takes place and the other one is stroma lamellae, carbon fixation takes place (Dekker and Boekema, 2005). In the thylakoid membranes four membrane bound pigment protein complexes which are embedded to perform the primary process of photosynthesis. They are photosystem (PS) II, cytochrome (Cyt) b6f complex, PS I and ATP synthase complex (Fig. 2). PS I and ATP synthase excluded from the grana membranes and PS II abundantly present in the stacked parts of the thylakoid membranes Fig.1: Over view of photosynthesis Fig.2: Organization of pigment proteins in thylakoid membranes. (Andersson and Andersson, 1980; Barber, 1982), and the Cyt b6f complex is found in both grana and stroma regions (Albertson, 1995). All these components work together to convert light energy into chemical energy. Structural and functional aspects of photosystem II complex: Photosystem II  (PSII) is a membrane protein supercomplex that executes the initial reaction of photosynthesis in higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria which can be divided into two building blocks around a P680 molecule, one is PS II core complex and other is light harvesting complex, LHC II (Fig. 3). It drives one of the most oxidizing reactions like the production of O2 which is essential for aerobic life on this planet. It acts as a water- plastoquinone (PQ) oxidoreductase (Shen, 2015;  Yamamoto, 2001; Vinyard  et al., 2013). PS II core complex PS II core complex is a dimer present in the stacked thylakoid membranes. This complex consists of several proteins like D1, D2, CP 47, CP 43, 33kDa extrinsic subunit (Table. 1). In which D1 and D2 proteins bind the primary chlorophyll (Chl) donor P680 as well as two peripheral Chl a and one ?–carotene along with all the cofactors mediating the electron flow, while two others CP 47 and CP 43 bind an array of Chl a and ?–carotene molecules in the form of inner LHCs (Zhou et al., 2009). [image: ] Fig. 3: Structure and subunit composition of photsystem II complex Gene Protein Molecular weight (kDa) Helices Function psb A D1 32 5 Reaction center (RC) psb B CP 47 47-51 6 Chl a-binding RC antenna psb C CP 43 43-47 6 Chl a-binding RC antenna psb D D2 34 5 RC psb E Cyt b559? 9 1 Photoprotection psb F Cyt b559? 4 1 Photoprotection psb H PsbH 10 1 Light dependent phosphorylation psb I PsbI 4.8 1 Unknown psb J PsbJ 4 0 Stabilization of assembly psb K PsbK 3.5 1 Unknown psb L PsbL 5 0 Regulation of the P680+ reduction psb N PsbN 4.1 1 Unknown psb O OEC1 33 0 Regulate O2 evolution psb P OEC2 23 0 Regulate O2 evolution psb Q OEC3 17 0 Regulate O2 evolution psb R PsbR 10 0 or 1 Unknown psb S PsbS 22 4 Regulation of lateral location, light harvesting psb T PsbTc 3.8 1 Protection of growth psb W PsbW 6.1 1 Control of the assembly and accumulation psb X PsbX 4.1 1 Unknown Table 1: Polypeptides of photosystem II complex psb A -D1protein D1 is a reaction center core protein which is highly preserved pigment-binding protein. (Ferreira et al., 2004). This protein is a chloroplast genome-encoded protein with molecular weight of 32kDa (Barber et al., 1997). It is an integral thylakoid membrane protein and consists of five transmembrane ?-helices (designated A to E) (Hankamer et al., 2001). The D1 protein has two important features: It binds the majority of the cofactors involved in PS II mediated electron transport; Tyr 161(YZ), P680 probably via His 198, Pheophytin (Phe) probably via Tyr 126, Tyr 147, Ala 150 and Glu 130, QB via interactions with Tyr 254, Phe 255, Gly 256 and others, Mn cluster possibly via Asp170, Glu 189, Gln 165, Ala 344, His 109, His 332 and His 337 and non-haem iron, probably via His 215 and His 272 (Michel and Deisenhofer, 1988). This is very important protein in the thylakoid membrane which turns over more rapidly than any other protein (Mattoo et al., 1984). Because of this significant feature PS II is susceptible to photoinduced damage (Zavafer et al., 2015). psb D -D2 protein D2 protein contains molecular weight of 34kDa which is encoded by a single gene localized in chloroplast genome and an integral membrane protein connected with the thylakoid membrane (Michel and Deisenhofer, 1988). The binding of D1/D2 heterodimer forms of reaction centre II to P680 in addition to two peripheral Chl a and one ?-carotene along with all the cofactors and mediates the electron flow (Aro et al., 2005). The function and stability of PS II depends on the C-terminal domain of D2 and the down regulation of D2 causes the loss in ability to grow photoautotrophically and as well as the loss in the functional RC II in the thylakoid membranes (Caffarri et al.,2009). psb B CP 47 PS II core protein is highly preserved protein with molecular weight of 47kDa and have six transmembrane helices (I to V) with N- and C-terminal. This highly conserved PS II core protein consists of about 500 amino acids with a molecular mass of 47 kDa, predicted to have six transmembrane helices (I to V) with the N- and C-terminal covered at the stromal surface (Yeremenko, 2005). This CP 47 protein is an absolute requisite for photoautotrophic growth. psb C -CP 43 This protein is homologous with CP 47 in having 6 transmembrane helices which contains about 470 amino acids and a molecular weight of 43kDa. It binds to Chl and carotenoids and has a large lumenal loop between helices V and VI (Yeremenko, 2005). The difference between CP 43 and 47 is that it can be easily removed from the isolated core to form a CP 47-RC complex and the irreversible phosphorylation of its N-terminal threonine in case of higher plants (Michel et al. 1988, Dekker et al., 1990). Water oxidation complex (WOC) For the function of O2 evolution, three extrinsic water soluble polypeptides i.e. 33, 23 and 17kDa (Hankamer et al., 1997) are essential that are closely associated with the Mn cluster of PS II (Shen, 2015). In all the subunits, 33 kDa subunit helps in the stabilization of Mn cluster and the optimization of the O2 evolution reaction. (Umena et al., 2011; Gururani et al., 2012). WOC undergoes different redox states during ‘S’ cycle from S0-S1, S2-S3 and S3-S4 (Luber, 2011; Wientjes et al., 2013). Two cysteine residues (Cys112 and 135) bind to form a disulfide bridge, which is essential for the function of 33kDa extrinsic polypeptide. The subunit 23 kDa allows PS II to evolve O2 effeciently under severely Cl- limiting conditions (Ifuku et al., 2016). Cl- and Mn+2 are required for optimal O2 evolution (Hankamer et al., 1997). Mn2+ also functions as the substrate binding site of O2 evolution center and water analogues bind to Mn2+ (Yi et al., 2005). PS II light harvesting complexes LHC II is dependable for thylakoid membrane adhesion and grana formation (van Amerongen and Croce, 2013). The excitation energy moves from the most blue shifted Chl to the most red shifted one, recommended that Chl a plays the role of the terminal fluorescence emitter within the LHC II monomer (Liu et al., 2004; Standfuss et al., 2005). Lutein neoxanthin molecules of LHC II are occupied in harvesting solar energy, transfer it to Chl a and Chl b respectively (Gradinaru et al., 2000). The components of LHC II are six peripheral Chl binding apoproteins (Lhc b1-6) with molecular weights of 25, 27,28,28,27 and 23kDa (Zolla et al., 2003). The polypeptide moiety of energetic antenna complex of LHC II are the Lhc b1-3 apoproteins which accounts for about 60% of the total Chl content of thylakoid membranes and Lhc b 4-6 are the polypeptide moiety of minor peripheral LHC II namely CP 29, CP 26 and CP 24 (Lucinski and Jackowski, 2006). According to Hankamer et al. (1997) Lhc b 4-6 are involved in the excitation energy transfer from LHC II to the RC II passing through CP 43 and CP 47. In addition to photosynthetic pigments Lhc b1 binds different lipids, presumably phosphatidylglycerol and digalctosyl (Standfuss et al., 2005). Cytochrome b6f complex (Q cycle) In between PS II and PS I, an intersystem electron transport carrier is present called Cyt b6f complex which perform electron transfer in the cyclic process known as Q cycle. Cyt b6f complex helps in the transfer of protons across the membrane, the oxidation of the quinol and the reduction of the plastocyanin (PC) (Fig. 4). It plays a key role in the transfer of electron between two photosystems by considering as a PQ-PC oxidoreductases. PQ is an essential electron carrier between QB and Cyt b6f complex (Kurisu et al., 2003; Carmer et al., 2005). [image: ] Fig. 4: Structure and organization of Cytochrome b6f complex in thylakoid membranes. Structure and functional aspects of photosystem I complex PS I is a membrane bound protein complex present in the thylakoid membrane, which contains four multisubunit complexes (Brettel and Leibl, 2001; Amunts et al., 2010). It is involved in the photosynthetic electron transfer from H2O to NADP+ and catalyses the light driven electron transport from PC/Cyt b6 on the luminal side of the membrane to ferridoxin (Fd)/ flavodoxin at the stromal side by a chain of electron carriers(Fig. 5). PS I complex functions as PC- Fd oxidoreductase (Amunts et al., 2007). The primary electron donor present in PS I is P700+ which donates the electron to A0. The core complex of PS I is surrounded by the LHC I where the charge separation takes place between P700 and A0, from that the electrons then move across intermediate acceptors A1 and FX to final electron acceptors FA and FB (Kou?il et al., 2005b; Qin et al., 2015). Polypeptides of photosystem I complex PS I complex consists of 15-20 polypeptides, which are categorized into three groups. are associated with The P700 is associated with 68-70 kDa polypeptides and the Fx is associated with two core polypeptides (Kou?il et al., 2005b). 8-9 kDa polypeptides are associated with the iron sulfer centers FA and FB (Logoutte et al., 1984). In addition to RC, the PSI complex contain photosynthetic pigments and all electron carriers essential to carry out the electron transfer (Nechushtai et al., 1996) (Table 2). Fig. 5: Structure and subunit composition of photosystem I complex. Table 2: Components and polypeptides present in the photosystem I. Acceptor/Donor Chemical identity Redox potential (mv) Polypeptide size/location (kDa) P700 Chl dimer + 490 60-70/CP I A0 Chl monomer 60-70/CP I A1 Vitamin K1 60-70/CP I FX (Fe- 4S) cluster -705 60-70/CP I FB (Fe- 4S) cluster -580 08-08 kDa FA (Fe- 4S) cluster -530 08-09 kDa P700 the primary electron donor of photosystem I This is the primary electron donor of PS I complex and regarded as a dimer (Andersson and Vanngard, 1988) . Its midpoint potential value is + 130 mV. In oxidized state it forms an ESR signal at g = 2.0025, ?H = 7.29 gauss and exhibits signal I, typical of organic radical (Warden et al., 1974). A0 and A1 the primary and intermediate electron acceptors In PS I, A0 and A1 are the primary and intermediate electron components (Jordan et al., 2001; Kou?il et al., 2014). These electron acceptors function in a sequential order. A0 is a special form of Chl a monomer with absorption maximum at 670 nm attached to the RC I (Malkin, 1996). A1 has been identified as a phylloquinone from analytical studies (Thornber et al., 1997). FX, FA and FB iron sulfur centers As well as the above mentioned acceptors, the PS I electron acceptor complex contains a group of bound electron carriers namely FX, FA and FB (Fromme, 2005). Diffusible electron carriers associated with PS I The diffusible electron carriers are PC and Fd. PC acts as a diffusible shuttle towards Cyt b6f from P700+. Fd acts as a shuttle from iron sulfer centres towards membrane associated protein Fd-NADP oxidoreductase (Haehnel, 1984; Kou?il et al., 2014). FX contains 2Fe-2S whereas FA and FB contains 4Fe-4S (Lagoutte et al., 1984; Lakshmi et al., 1999). Ferredoxin The transfer of electrons between the RC I and NADP+ is mediated by extrinsic iron sulfur protein Fd and the flavin containing proteins ferrodoxin NADP oxidoreductase. This is the final electron acceptors from PS I. Under iron limiting conditions, a special type of flavin containing protein present is flavodoxin (Tollin and Edmonson, 1980). It serves as mobile electron carrier to shuttle the electrons from FA/FB to the site where FNR is bound to the membrane (Forti and Grubas, 1985). RC I and FNR are the two independent sites of Fd on the thylakoid membrane (Merati and Zanetti, 1987). FNR as its sole prosthetic group (Knaff, 1996). This protein is attached to the thylakoid membrane near PS I clusters and ATP synthase complex. Plastocyanin PC is a mobile copper protein which serves to mediate electron flow from Cyt b6f to P700+ (Haehnel, 1984), with a molecular mass of 10.5 kDa. The kinetics of the PC donation to P700+ depends on the net charge of membrane surface and the charge of mobile carrier (Sigfridsson, et al., 1997). The primary site of interaction of PC seems to be on a charged region of 17kDa polypeptide which is regulated by ionic strength and pH (Haehnel et al., 1980) ATP synthase complex The electrons from PS II to PS I transport and liberate the protons from stroma to the lumen of the thylakoids. The protons are also released into lumen due to oxidation of H2O by PS II (Daum et al., 2010). This electro chemical gradient is responsible for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (Fig. 6). ATP synthase complex consists of the proton core CF0, which is embedded in the thylakoid membrane ad CF1 the extrinsic enzyme that catalyzes ATP synthesis as well as hydrolysis. The molecular weight of CF1 is 320 kDa. It consists of five subunits of molecular weight 53.4 kDa, 51.6kDa, 36kDa, 21.1kDa and 14.7 kDa respectively (Boekema and Lucken, 1996). This occurs in a symmetrical ring of six alternating ? and ? subunits with a hole in ? subunits. The CF0 is oligomeric in nature and comprises four different intrinsic protein subunits in both green algae and higher plants (Hahn et al., 2018). It is self-assembled in the membrane bilayer to form a proton conducting pore as well as the site to which CF0 binds (Richter and Mills, 1996). Thylakoid membrane lipids Thylakoid membranes are having higher concentrations of glyceroglycolipids and phospholipids (PL). The glycerolipids are monogalactosyldiacyl glycerol (MGDG), digalactodiacyl glycerol (DGDG) and sulphoquinovasyl diacyl glycerol (SQDG) and their proportion for 40-50 %, 20-30 % and 5-10 % respectively. Thylakoid membranes consist of 10-20 % phosphotidyl glycerol (PG) of the total lipids (Boudià ¨re et al., 2014). The physical properties and asymmetric distribution of these glycolipids and PL in the thylakoid membranes play a key role in the molecular organization and thylakoid photofunctions (Murphy, 1986). Fig. 6: Structure of ATP synthase complex. Photosynthetic pigments in plant system Chlorophylls Chl a and Chl b are the two types of chlorophyll that are found in plants and green algae. Both types are associated with integral membrane proteins in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. Both Chls absorb light strongly in the red and blue parts of the spectrum. There are a few different forms of Chls that occur naturally, which differ in some small changes in the ring structure, as well as in different side chains (Goedheer, 1968) (Table 3). Carotenoids and Xanthophylls Carotenoids and xanthophyll are also having absorption maxima at 480 nm of the visible spectrum like Chl. These pigments have to transfer excitation energy to Chl molecules before it can be used for photosynthesis (Young et al., 2017). Chemically carotenoids (?-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin and violoxanthin) are long poly isoprenoid molecules having conjugated double bonds and each end of the molecule contains an unsaturated cyclohexene ring. Xanthophylls are very similar to carotenoids in structure but contain oxygen atoms in their terminal but contain oxygen atoms in their terminal rings (Gruszecki et al., 2016). Table 3. Characteristics of natural chlorophylls. Chl a Chl b Chl c 1 Chl c 2 Chl d Molecular formula C55H72O5N4Mg C55H70O6N4 Mg C35H30O5N4Mg C35H28O5N4Mg C54H70 O6N4Mg C3 group -CH=CH2 -CH=CH2 -CH=CH2 -CH=CH2 -CHO C7 group -CH3 -CHO -CH3 -CH3 -CH3 C8 group -CH2CH3 -CH2CH3 -CH2CH3 -CH=CH2 -CH2CH3 C17 group -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl -CH=CHCOOH -CH=CHCOOH -CH2CH2COO-Phytyl C17-C18 bond Single Single Double Double Single Occurrence Universal Mostly plants Various algae Various algae cyanobacteria Spectral characteristics The spectral characteristics of thylakoid membrane denote the interaction of chromophore with its microenvironment occupied by proteins and lipids and /or H2O or other chromophores (Thornber, 1975; Ladygin, 2015). Absorption spectral characteristics In higher plants, at room temperature the absorption spectra of thylakoid membranes exhibit two peaks and two shoulders (Barber, 2014). The peaks at 680 nm, 440 nm derive from Chl a, while the shoulder at 650 nm from Chl b while the 480 nm(s) peak is due to the absorption of carotenoids (Table 4). Absorption of light by antenna pigments and the efficient transfer of absorbed excitation energy to photochemical reaction centers are one of the key processes in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll Fluorescence The excition of Chl takes place and loses some of the absorbed energy as fluorescence and thus fluorescence is a competitive process with photochemistry (Adams and Demmig-Adams, 2004). This Chl a fluorescence measurements have been extensively used as an intrinsic probe to study the photosynthetic reactions (Baker and Rosenqvist, 2004). After the absorption of light by antenna complex present in the PS, it will be trapped by the RC (P680 and P700) for PS II and PS I respectively. Once the charge separation occurs at the RC the following events proceed. Table 4: Absorption and Chl fluorescence emission characteristics of oxygenic thylakoid membranes. Absorption Peak position Possible region Comments 680 PS II Chl a Peak 650 Chl b Hump 440 Soret band of Chl a Hump 480 Carotenoids Peak Fluorescence emission at room temperature Emission range Possible region Comments 683- 687 (F 685) Chl a PS II core: CP43, CP 47 Major band 693- 698 (F 695) Chl a PS II core: CP47 Minor shoulder: with high (QA-) 705-712 (F 710) PS I core or antenna Minor: F0/Fm spectrum 720- 760 (F 740) PS II + PS I Broad vibrational satellite bands DPA ? DP+A ? DP+A- ? D+ PA- ? D+ P+A ? Fluorescence. D is an electron donor to the RC, P and A are electron acceptors. In the first state of the above scheme, DPA, the RC is called an open center which is ready for photochemistry but not for fluorescence. The RC in all other states considered to be closed because of its inability to carryout charge separation. The P+ state is a quencher of fluorescence can be seen. When both P and A are reduced (D+PA-), the fluorescenec occurs. The fluorescene intensity is weak in PS I irrespective of opening or closing of the RC. The D+PA- state after re-excitation mostly emits light as a variable fluorescence (Fv) (Adams and Demmig-Adams, 2004). At room temperature the Chl a fluorescence emission spectrum of chloroplast is characterized by a major peak at 683 n and a shoulder ranging from 700 to 750 nm depending on the organism (Govindjee, 1995) (Table 4). The emission of fluorescecne light in actively photosynthesizing organisms oscillates with time and is known as ‘Kautsky effect’ (Krause and Weiss, 1984). Most of the fluorescence emission at room temperature is mainly from PS II and LHC II and the contribution of PS I is not significant. The fluorescence emitted by PS II is associated with photochemical activities (Duysens and Sweers, 1963). When the photosynthetic electron transport chain between QA and QB is blocked by a herbicide such as DCMU, Chl a fluorescence rises fast to high maximal fluorescence (Fm). Electron transport The most widely accepted model for the interaction of PS is the Z-scheme of Hill and Bendall (1960) which represents the transfer of electrons in a series from PS II to PS I by an electron transport chain (Fig. 7). A great number of Chl a and b and carotenoid molecules associated with light harvesting antenna proteins capture the light energy that is used to drive the PS II reaction. The formation of radical pair, P680+ Pheo- (Shikanai and Yamamoto, 2017) takes place by the transfer of electron the special pair Chl (P680) to the primary acceptor (Phe). P680+ is the most oxidizing redox component of PS II and it accepts an electron from a specific amino acid residue (D1-Tyr161), and for that reason it is reduced to P680 (Lucinski and Jackowski, 2006). The Mn cluster passes through a series of oxidation states referred to as the S0-S4 cycle (Kok et al., 1970). Four turnover of primary charge separation are needed to build the oxidizing equivalents required for the conversion of two m olecules of H2O to O2 (Renger, 1997). The electrons, which are accepted by P680+, are passed down the electron transport chain. In this way, Phe accepts electrons from P680 and passes them on to a plastoquinone molecule (QA), tightly bind to the D2 protein (Lancaster et al., 1996). Then this electron from QA- passes on to a second plastoquinone molecule, associated with the QB site on the D1 protein (Mc Pherson et al., 1994). This electron transfer is promoted by the presence of a non-heme iron located between QA and QB (Diner et al., 1991). Each PQ associated with the QB site can accept two electrons derived from H2O and two protons from the stroma before being released into the lipid matrix in the form of reduced plastoquinone (PQH2). The PQH2 is oxidized by Cyt b6f Fig. 7: Schematic representation of electron transport (Z scheme). Component is involved in the generation of proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane (Ort and Yocum, 1996). Introduction The electrons from Cyt b6f complex are then transferred to PC. As the P700 is excited upon absorption of light, an electron is transferred to the primary acceptor; A0 and electrons reduce the oxidized P700 from PC. Electrons from A0 are lastly transferred to Fd, which reduces NADP+ via A1 (Phylloquinone), FX and FA/FB. Four photons are required to reduce one molecule of NADP+ by this model. The path of electron transfer through FA/FB remains an unsettled area in the electron transfer pathway in PS I (Jung et al., 1995; Mannan et al., 1996). Partial photochemical reactions In general partial photochemical reactions are measured by the help of artificial exogenously added electron donors and acceptors and by the use of electron transport inhibitors. Their sites of electron donation, reception and inhibition are shown in the (Fig. 8). These exogenous donors and acceptors are used to appraise the photochemical activities of thylakoid membrane as well as photochemical reactions catalyzed by PS II and PS I separately or together (Izawa, 1980; Kleczkowski, 1994). These partial photochemical reactions are valuable tools in estimating the photochemical potential of chloroplast. Acceptors: a1: Silicomolybdic acid; a2: Phenylenediamine, p-Benzoquinone; 2,5-dimethyl p-benzoquinone, and 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone; a3 Methyl viologen, Anthroquinone, Ferricyanide Donors: d1: Catechol; Ascorbate; H2O, Diphenylcarbazide, NH2OH; d2: Duroquinol; d3: Diaminodurene; Dichlorophenol indophenol; Tetramethyl phenyl durene. All are reduced by ascorbate. Inhibitors: in1: NH2OH; in2: diuron; in3: Dibromothymoquinone; in4: KCN and HgCl2; in5: DSPD Fig. 8: Commonly used artificial electron acceptors, donors and inhibitors of electron transport chain.

The History and Achievements of Palomar Observatory

Southern California is home to two major observatories, Mount Wilson, north of Los Angeles, and Palomar Observatory, northeast of San Diego. Both were conceived in the late 19th century, built and expanded in the 20th Century, and continue to do cutting-edge astronomy observations in the 21st. Palomar Observatory, located on Palomar Mountain, is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and was started by astronomer George Ellery Hale. He was also the brains behind the Mount Wilson Observatory. Hale was a Caltech founder and was very interested in building ever-larger and more accurate telescopes. Palomar Observatory Telescopes Palomar Observatory is located northeast of San Diego, California, at the summit of Palomar Mountain.The biggest telescope at Palomar is the 200-inch, 530-ton Hale Telescope. It was named for founder George Ellery Hale.The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope is operated remotely and uses a variety of cameras and instruments.  It produces hundreds of images per night in survey mode.The facilitys 60-inch telescope came online in 1970 and is remotely operated by astronomers at Caltech.Astronomers have used Palomar telescopes to discover and study everything from exoplanets, Kuiper Belt Objects, and supernovae, to dark matter and distant galaxies. The 200-Inch Telescope Palomar is home to one of the largest telescopes in the world, the 200-inch Hale Telescope. Built by Hale with support from the Rockefeller Foundation, the creation of its mirror and building began in the 1920s. The Hale Telescope had its first light in late 1949, and it has been one of the premier instruments for astronomy ever since. It was painstakingly built, and its mirror carefully hauled up the mountain in 1947, just two years before its first light. The 200-inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory. Caltech/Palomar Observatory Today, the 200-inch Hale telescope is outfitted with adaptive optics systems that help it capture clear imagery. Astronomers use a Large  Format Camera (LFC) to study objects in visible light, as well as a Wide-field Infrared Camera (WIRC) to capture data about distant objects in infrared light. There are also several images available that help astronomers use the telescope to study various cosmic objects over several wavelengths.   To support such a huge telescope and its instruments, the builders of Palomar Observatory placed it all on a giant stell mount. The whole telescope weighs 530 tons and requires very precise motors for motion. Because southern California is subject to earthquakes, the telescope and its mount rest on piers that are anchored to bedrock some 22 feet below ground. this provides a very stable platform for the very precise observations astronomers need.   More Palomar Telescopes The 200-inch wasnt the only telescope built and installed at Palomar. Astronomer Fritz Zwicky used a much smaller 18-inch telescope on the mountain to do his supernova research. That instrument is currently decommissioned. In 1948, the 48-inch Schmidt telescope was put into service and has been used ever since. It has been renamed the Samuel Oschin Schmidt telescope in honor of a southern California entrepreneur who donated money to the observatory. This telescope is also famous for its use in one of the first large photographic sky surveys ever undertaken: the Palomar Observatory/National Geographic Sky Survey (known colloquially as POSS).  The plates from that survey are still in use today. Today, the Oschin telescope is equipped with a state-of-the-art CCD detector and is currently in robotic mode, surveying the skies for a variety of objects.  It has been used to study large-scale structures in the universe, to look for dwarf planets, and to detect the sudden flares that herald explosive events such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and outbursts by active galactic nuclei. In the 1970s, Palomar Observatory also opened a 60-inch telescope to astronomers. It was a gift by the Mayer family and is a survey telescope. The Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory. Scott Roberts, Michael Vergara, Jean Large. CC BY-SA 3.0 Famous Discoveries at Palomar Over the years, a number of prominent astronomers have made observations using both Mount Wilsons large telescope and Palomars 200-inch and smaller instruments. They include Edwin P. Hubble, Fritz Zwicky, Allan Sandage, Maarten Schmidt, Eleanor Helin, Vera P. Rubin (who was one of the first women allowed to use the telescope), Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker, and Mike Brown. Between them, these astronomers expanded our view of the universe, looked for evidence of dark matter, tracked comets, and, in an interesting twist of astronomy politics, used the telescope to downgrade dwarf planet Pluto. That breakthrough sparked a debate that continues to this day in the planetary science community. Visiting Palomar Observatory When possible, Palomar Observatory opens its doors to public visitors, even as it conducts professional research for astronomers. It also maintains a staff of volunteers who help with visitors and represent the observatory at local community events. Sources â€Å"Caltech Optical Observatories.† The 48-Inch Samuel Oschin Telescope, www.astro.caltech.edu/observatories/coo/.â€Å"Hale Telescope, Palomar Observatory.† NASA, NASA, www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?idPIA13033.The 48-Inch Samuel Oschin Telescope, www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/homepage.html.

Culture New Zealander - 2314 Words

Culture: New Zealander There are numerous aspects of my life that have influenced my cultural identity and how I perceive/conduct myself. When asked my ethnicity I distinguish as a New Zealander. I feel being a ‘New Zealander’ allows me to incorporate all of my ethnicities under one metaphorical concept, of what being a New Zealander means. Even though, I have several ethnicities I can directly identify with, I consider this too restrictive in association with my cultural identity; not giving my heritage the credit it warrants. This is supported by Baldwin Linsley’s (1994) theory, stipulating that â€Å"we do not advocate a singular definition of culture because any one definition is too restrictive† (p. 86). Because of the wide range of hybridity in New Zealand’s culture, it is difficult to distinguish the true identity of what an exact New Zealander is, and what ideologies connect with its characteristics. I can relate to this personally because of the wide array of ethos intertwined in my heritage, inordinately affecting my own personal identity in positive and negative retrospect. A key aspect which culturally upholds my aspirations as a New Zealander is the celebration of Christmas. This is the one time of year where everyone from each side of the family unites to commemorate belonging and family. It was apparent from a young age that my father’s family was less religious than my mother’s side. Subsequently our family did not celebrate the religious aspects of ChristmasShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Pakeha857 Words   |  3 Pagesdemonstrated than in the popular and inï ¬â€šuential memoir-texts of New Zealand historian Michael King, Being Pakeha (1985), Pakeha: The quest for identity in New Zealand (1991) and Being Pakeha Now (2004). 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Psychology Child Development

Question: Discuss about the Psychologyfor Child Development. Answer: Introduction As human beings, curiosity tends to drive us to understand the reasons as to why events happen around us. Hence, when we meet someone doing something we tend to try and understand the motive behind this person doing this. Similarly, we also tend to try and understand our experience and behavior in different situations. Therefore, the eagerness and curiosity tends to guide us on how people are different from each other in regards to their aptitude, temperament and intellectual capacity (Heine, 2015). Trying to investigate why a person is happy or sad, why do persons become friendly and develop antagonistic relationship, and why do some people learn quickly that other is what we call psychology. To an ordinary person the answer to his novice tends to be guided by common sense, but, as a psychologist one tends to study reasons behind those activities in a systematic manner meaning that the results attained are scientific and can be tested from time to time (Lamb, 2004). Before diving deep into the context of psychology which we have learnt. Perhaps, providing some definitions of what psychology is may be vital. According to Brinkmann (2014), he argues that psychology is a science where one studies behavior and mental process of a person. He further argues that behavior includes variety of overt actions which include; social interactions, walking and gestures and emotional reactions which could include frowning of laughing. For mental process, it includes thoughts, ideas and also complex aspects used in reasoning that psychologist use in making inferences about mental process through study of behavior. On the other hand, Ormrod (2014) states that psychology tends to differ from common sense because its a science. Rather than observing, psychologist tend to use systematic observations which tend to yield comprehensive theories and also knowledge. Further analysis by Renninger et al (2014) shows that psychology further extends to the investigation of p roblem behaviors such as violence or even drug abuse. In the early days, philosophers discussed many topics which are studied in modern psychology such as free will, memory and attraction. The emergence of American psychologist William James became the birth of psychology as a discipline. In this early days, psychology was studied using two theoretical perspectives which includes; functionalism and structuralism. Functionalism entailed the change in mind which is constant and therefore it would be pointless to search for building blocks of experience. Hence, the suggestion that psychologist should always look for the underlying cause of behavior as well as the mental process being involved. As for structuralism, it relied on the introspection, which was a research where subjects related to what was going on their minds when performing certain activities. Therefore, the idea of psychologist carrying out investigations on the causes and behavior of objective procedures such as measurement, observation and analysis backed up by theories, i nterpretations, and predictions is what makes psychology a discipline (Moore Dunham, 2014). Psychology as a discipline tends to investigate a wide range of phenomenon which ranges from sensation, perception, emotions, motivations, thinking, personality, social behavior, intelligence, mental illness and even child development. Studies done from our class module tends to suggest that academias were cautious when airing the ethical dilemmas faced when conducting their research work, but in the current are this situation seems to be changing. Hence, this makes research and ethics a key part in psychology because it tends to lowers the ethical concerns that are likely to rise from work (Ormrod, 2014). Ethics and research tends to have the following significance in psychology: Ethics and research in psychology prevents psychologist from deceiving their patients. Hence, psychologist can lie to their patients for their own good. But, deception might fall into many different codes ranging from conducting research. For instance. Ethical codes for a psychologist during research prevents him from violating codes of conduct such as deception of patient. Ethically, psychologist are mandated with certain rules and regulations so as to protect the public or even the clients. The existence of this ethical principles is followed not only to protect the psychologist but the interest of the public, families and the client (Inhelder et al, 2014). The existence of ethical codes and research tends to protect the public and also the psychologist from any harm that may arise from mishandling of a situation. It means that the physical, emotional and financial situation is protected within these codes. Ethics and research tends to regulate the behavior and situation being dealt with. Hence, the codes tend to be put in place such that psychologist services are provides without any breach that may cause physical or emotional harm to those receiving the services. Additionally, through the study of psychology over the few years. I have also been able to understand more on specified psychology schools which are prepared to intervene with individuals and systems. Hence, the systems involved must be effectively developed, implemented and correctly evaluated (Paloutzian Park, 2014). Additionally, as a psychologist if I was preparing to participate is school psychology, it would be vital to at least learn some psychological diagnosis, assessment, intervention, prevention and program development which is vital in the school system. In conclusion, based on the above discussion it has been clear to me that psychology includes evaluation of cognitive assessments, there may be also a look at emotions and behavioral concerns, and measurement of adaptive function. Additionally, as a psychologist you tend to provide different services such as counseling, learning difficulties that people experience, engagement in group programs, parental programming and also consultation services. Therefore, as a professional psychologist you should also be dedicated in outstanding and comprehensive services to different groups such as families, schools or even adolescents. References Heine, S. J. (2015).Cultural Psychology: Third International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (2004).The role of the father in child development. John Wiley Sons. Renninger, A., Hidi, S., Krapp, A. (2014).The role of interest in learning and development. Psychology Press. Moore, C., Dunham, P. (2014).Joint attention: Its origins and role in development.Psychology Press. Inhelder, B., Sinclair, H., Bovet, M. (2014).Learning and the Development of Cognition Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press. Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Ormrod, J. E. (2014).Essentials of educational psychology: Big ideas to guide effective teaching. Pearson Higher Ed. Paloutzian, R. F., Park, C. L. (2014).Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. Guilford Publications.