Macbeth Essays (721 words) - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth The story Macbeth took place in Scotland. Macbeth was a well respected warrior, also highly respected by Duncan the king. He later meets 3 witches and they give him 3 prophecies and both of them come true right away except for the one that he is to be king. So Macbeth makes this happen for him by killing Duncan in his sleep while he was staying at his castle for the night. Macbeth does a good job of hiding this from the others. No one would have ever suspected him. Macbeth is then crowned king Banquo starts to suspect him of Duncan's murder. But doesn't tell anyone. In return Macbeth was more of the contributor to his own downfall, rather than Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth contributed to Macbeth's downfall when she first convinces him to kill Duncan. She tells him If you do not do this for me u are not man enough and I will no longer love you. She basically cohersed him into doing it, he wasn't going to do it at first but she convinced him to. After he has killed duncan he is in total shock and comes back to her with the bloody daggers still in his hands and covered in blood himself. She tells him " a little water will wash us of this deed." In actuality water won't wash this deed away. In the end Lady Macbeth ends up going nuts over the whole killing Duncan incident and ends up dyeing. In the scene where it shows her gong crazy, she starts talking of the murder unknowingly. The doctor and her nurse are listening. This could have been harmful to Macbeth if they had said anything to anyone else about it. All of this contributed to Macbeth's downfall because she just forced him into doing something he wasn't to sure of. Lady Macbeth was a bi g factor in the downfall. Macbeth contributed to his own downfall because first of he went ahead and killed Duncan, even though Lady Macbeth told him to still he had a choice not to or to. He decided to chose the path of evil and destruction. After he found out he could get away with killing Duncan and not even being suspected, he thought he could get away with anything. So sooner or later Banquo is "friend" shows signs of suspicion, so while him and his son are on a horse ride, Macbeth hires 3 murderers to kill Fleance and Banquo. They succeed in only killing Banquo and Fleance escapes. Macbeth gets very upset by this. Later that night during his feast in his new castle, Banquo's ghost makes an appearance just for Macbeth only. He gets so scared he almost starts confessing to the murders of Duncan and Banquo, he lets to many suspicions arise in peoples minds. He also notices that Macduff is not present at the dinner and becomes very suspicious and finds out that he has flee to England to meet with one of Dun can's sons to get an army together to defeat Macbeth. So Macbeth's reaction to this is to kill of Macduffs hole family, and everyone in his home at the time servants everything. People then start to realize that Macbeth has become somewhat savage. He starts to show no remorse and emotions. Macbeth was the main factor to his downfall due to all of these factors. He just started to say hey I can do what I want and no one will ever know but in the end this just causes his downfall and ultimately his death. Over all it is felt that Macbeth has caused his own downfall not Lady Macbeth. Macbeth is his own person and makes his own decisions, no one else can decide things for you. So if u make a decision to commit murder and treason against your king u are bound to be killed when it is found out that you have committed it. Macbeth payees the ultimate price, with his life, for his stupidity. Lady Macbeth didn't really have much to do with his choices or views much after Duncan's murder. He was thinking evil on his own, and action upon impulse's. Macbeth was the only one responsible, there

Monopolies and Monopoly Power (Definition)

Monopolies and Monopoly Power (Definition) The Economics Glossary defines monopoly as: If a certain firm is the only one that can produce a certain good, it has a monopoly in the market for that good. To understand what a monopoly is and how a monopoly operates, well have to delve deeper than this. What features do monopolies have, and how do they differ from those in oligopolies, markets with monopolistic competition and perfectly competitive markets? Features of a Monopoly When we discuss a monopoly, or oligopoly, etc. were discussing the market for a particular type of product, such as toasters or DVD players. In the textbook case of a monopoly, there is only one firm producing the good. In a real-world monopoly, such as the operating system monopoly, there is one firm that provides the overwhelming majority of sales (Microsoft), and a handful of small companies that have little or no impact on the dominant firm. Because there is only one firm (or essentially only one firm) in a monopoly, the monopolys firm demand curve is identical to the market demand curve, and the monopoly firm need not consider what its competitors are pricing at. Thus a monopolist will keep selling units so long as the extra amount he receives by selling an extra unit (the marginal revenue) is greater than the additional costs he faces in producing and selling an additional unit (the marginal cost). Thus the monopoly firm will always set their quantity at the level where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue. Because of this lack of competition, monopoly firms will make an economic profit. This would normally cause other firms to enter the market. For this market to remain a monopolistic one, there must be some barrier to entry. A few common ones are: Legal Barriers to Entry - This is a situation where a law prevents other firms from entering the market to sell a product. In the United States, only the USPS can deliver first class mail, so this would be a legal barrier to entry. In many jurisdictions alcohol can only be sold by the government-run corporation, creating a legal barrier to entry in this market.Patents - Patents are a subclass of legal barriers to entry, but theyre important enough to be given their own section. A patent gives the inventor of a product a monopoly in producing and selling that product for a limited amount of time. Pfizer, inventors of the drug Viagra, have a patent on the drug, thus Pfizer is the only company that can produce and sell Viagra until the patent runs out. Patents are tools that governments use to promote innovation, as companies should be more willing to create new products if they know theyll have monopoly power over those products.Natural Barriers to Entry - In these type of monopolies, other firms cannot enter the market because either the startup costs are too high, or the cost structure of the market gives an advantage to the largest firm. Most public utilities would fall into this category. Economists generally refer to these monopolies as natural monopolies. Theres the need-to-know information on monopolies. Monopolies are unique relative to other market structures, as it only contains one firm, and thus a monopoly firm has far more power to set prices than firms in other market structures.

Understanding advertising media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding advertising media - Essay Example A small conclusion follows at the end of the paper as a summary to the detailed discussion.Internet defines a small network provided that the 'i' is not capitalized. "The Internet" however, defines the Internet of internets and is the immense global network spread all over the globe. A formal definition can be summarized as "a global networks that links thousands of computers by data lines and wireless systems".According to the Wikipedia web site the predecessor of the Internet is called "ARPAnet" (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), and was originally employed as one can easily conclude for military purposes by the U.S in 1969. The Internet catalyst today, the core of the Internet in other words, is the NFS (National Science Foundation).Even though the Internet provides a lot more services other than those known to the wider audience such as Telnet and FTP, the paper focuses to the advertising medium of the Internet, namely the WWW (WorldWide Web). The WWW is a hypermedia in formation system that links computer-based resources around the world. That is includes a lot more than the familiar to most of us microcomputers, namely servers and mainframes and other sharing resources or intangible resources liek database systems that reside in the electronic mediums we are familiar with. Such resources become available to us through the web browsers. Browsers enable words or icon to display text, video, graphics and sounds on computer screen. The most famous browser to most of us is more likely the Internet Explorer but others like Opera and Mozilla have been catching up in popularity. 90% of the users and using the Internet for email exchange and 77% and 69% for general information and surfing respectively. 46% only are using it for their work and 27% and 26% for stocks' quotes and job searching respectively. Trading and banking are low in the pyramid with 12% and 7% respectively. Apparently the Internet has not become integrated to every day activities yet and its potential remains unknown to the wider public possibly due to ignorance or fear due to inexperience with its working and safety mechanisms. The Internet facilities are mostly used by higher education level persons, at a younger age of 18,5 and high level income. Details of Internet users' activities can be viewed at the Stanford University Web Site at Advertising Format Advertising techniques employed are the banners displayed on web pages, the key words entered in search engines, sponsors for web sites and emails send to users, and viral marketing with the use of email addresses a person acquires through the recipient lines of an email. Other common techniques include mobile marketing and a variation like PPS, Kiosk and Podcasts. The most famous search engine is inarguably Google. With ongoing update on any moment, the Google web site enables chat with MSN, AOL, and Yahoo instant essaging system without any program or Java applet. Banner rates are set on 5 CPM. The second most popular search engine is Yahoo! with ongoing frequency at any moment that does not charge the customers, while more than 80% of users reach UK Online consumers through partners including: MSN, Yahoo, Lycos, AltaVista and others. There are of course of rates for this service. Another advertising technique has found applicability through the most popular chat client program. MSN Messenger

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management - Research Paper Example The main aim relating to TQM and also its success depended upon successfully implementing customer satisfaction, internal and external as well as removing the barriers that exists in between the departments. TQM implementation resulted in tremendous success in terms of growth and market share. Also, TQM leads to reduction of wastage. The product quality improvements also lead to reduction of competition as more customers are willing to take up the products. TQM has a lasting benefit for not only the organization but the entire hierarchy of people in the organization. TQM (Total Quality Management) is a process for continuous improvement. To tackle the ever changing global business environment mere implementation of TQM in a company is not enough. They have look for ways to continuously upgrade and expand the way TQM has been implemented. TQM implementation requires a collaborated effort from entire organization. The cost of quality in implementing TQM is certainly a small matter when compared to the benefits that can be derived from TQM implementation and expansion. At Gillette, the customer satisfaction and collaborated effort from entire organizational support is given priority. Therefore to expand on the present TQM process, some tools of quality improvement can be implemented. A cause and effect analysis could be implemented to understand the customer view point and the effect it can generate to the company, if it is implemented. To tackle market competition a brainstorming session has to be practiced to understand the strengths and weakness es of the competitors and devise the TQM accordingly. The employee and the customers are two main stakeholders of Gillette. So, to implement their viewpoint a focus group survey by interview and employee survey can be implemented. Value engineering method has to be used. This will help in improving the value of products and goods produced. Value engineering implementation can help the company to

Business Analysis of Wal-Mart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Analysis of Wal-Mart - Research Paper Example Currently, Wal-Mart has about 4,573 stores worldwide along with 730,000 associates that are evident in the form of their presence in fourteen countries (Vatalyst, 2012). In Canada, Brazil, Argentina and United Kingdom, Wal-Mart has wholly owned operations while it has several joint ventures in China along with some majority owned subsidiaries. In many international stores, Wal-Mart operates under various banners with one aim that is to provide best quality products at low prices so that customers can save money and live a better life as well. The primary idea behind the establishment of Wal-Mart was to provide high quality branded products at low prices. In order to have low prices, the company ensures that the cost is kept to a minimum level with the help of excellence in warehousing as it has developed cordial relations with its suppliers and advancements in information technology have helped the store to ensure that inventory level is properly maintained (Piercy, Cravens & Lane, 2 010). Economic trends influencing business Wal-Mart has been severely impacted by economic recession and increase in costs of transportation and utilities. The second quarter forecast of corporation reported that the share prices are lower and profits also reduced considerably as compared to first quarter profits (Cheng, 2012). Lately, shares of Wal-Mart went down to $56.74 which meant it reduced by 2.2%. Other costs that have impacted Wal-Mart’s sales are increase in commodities and fuel cost; as a result product placement and transportation became one of the major areas of concern for the store. The number of economic worries for consumers has increased significantly i.e. from gasoline prices that have reached highest prices to housing and credit markets that have declined radically. Such economic downturns have affected the spending power of budget conscious consumers who prefer to shop from Wal-Mart rather than do bargaining for their shopping. Since economic recession ha s impacted lives of USA consumers’, they are now shifting to Wal-Mart for shopping at low prices (Cheng, 2009). In order to cut down its cost, Wal-Mart has controlled its promotional activities as it needs to maintain certain profit level so that it can survive in such financial distressful situations. Wal-Mart still uses its tagline â€Å"Save Money. Live Better† and in order to reinforce this image it has expanded into generic drug prescription program. Currently, store is offering 90 days supplies of about 350 medications for $10 and also $4 over-the-counter drugs so it can expand its sales of pharmaceutical products and even bolster its store traffic. Strategies and Tactics used by Wal-Mart for addressing the changes Since Wal-Mart wants to reach more customers and observing that industries are getting global, Wal-Mart launched its website in 2010. It consolidated all its E-commerce activities worldwide into one Global E-commerce Division (Parker, 2012). The primar y objectives of this Division comprise of developing and executing a global strategy for E-commerce; provide acceleration for global growth of online channel and creation of technological platforms and applications for every market of Wal-Mart. In order to address the global changes that are taking place, Wal-Mart has revised its business strategies to incorporate these alterations in the market and ensure that they are aligned with organization’s main goal of providing superior quality products at low prices.

Main Components Of Marketing Management Marketing Essay

Main Components Of Marketing Management Marketing Essay The industrial world has come a long was from the early days of industrial revolution. As the industrial world has grown tremendously, it has become more complicated and a subject of academic study. Business concepts have evolved and new findings and ideas have been recorded continuously. Different organizations have different business strategies and plans. Marketing management has become an essential part of a business strategy. Marketing management is the proper use of marketing techniques, resources and activities by a company or organization to promote its products (Kotler et al, 2006). This report aims at explaining the main components of strategic marketing management. For better understanding the report then concentrates on the newspaper industry in particular. It explains how internet has become a key challenge for the newspaper industry. Also the author demonstrates the ability to apply marketing theory by doing a SWOT analysis of the newspaper industry. Main Components of Marketing Management Marketing is one of the main aspects of business management. It is also one of the most powerful in that it has the potential to significantly impact the entire business management process that few of the other aspects of business management can match. Marketing and its management is almost as diverse a field as business management itself. The main components of marketing consist of analysis, planning, implementation and control (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). These are the components no matter what the kind of industry or service the target of marketing might be. Situational/Strategic Analysis Strategic analysis is mainly about analyzing the strengths of organization and the external factors that can influence the business position. It is necessary to understand the current environment before defining specific marketing activities (Lamb et al, 2008). It involves in assessing what a particular organizations position is with respect to its customers, how the business is functioning within and its competition outside. Various qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection are used for marketing research to be carried out. Sources of data will consist of primary and secondary, with the secondary ones being those that are already available i.e. reports, journals, articles, etc and the primary sources being surveys, questionnaires to the target audience, etc that will reveal product specific or service specific information at the desired time period. Analysis is also required of the external conditions to take account of the changes in technology, changes in governmenta l policies that could impact the industry, etc. Customer analysis is equally important which includes customer buying trends, continual assessment of the target customers to increase the base of potential customers. Various tools that can be used to carry out the analysis are: PEST analysis, scenario planning, SWOT analysis, market segmentation, etc. Strategy Planning The situation following in depth analysis and data gathering leads to one that requires intense planning and simulation. Due to knowledge of the opportunities and risks gathered from the analysis stage the company must now plan its actions based on its objectives that will involve long term strategic decisions, tactical decisions that affect mid term goals and operational decisions that affect daily operations of a company (Czinkota Ronkainen, 2007). By rigorous cost and profit estimates on various models of action, the company will be best able to judge which model to choose. The model chosen might require that necessary changes be made in the existing organizational structure or a complete revamp in some cases to help achieve the goals and objectives set. It is also imperative that at this point in time, the company comes out with alternative plans in order to meet its goals and objectives in case the primary plan does not work out. Strategy Implementation and Control These are probably the most important phases in the marketing plan since no matter how much effort is put into the analysis and planning phases, the implementation needs to be carried out according to plan with appropriate control. The implementation should be carefully carried out since often times it is found that plans are hardly adhered to. The implementation and control must also allow for adequate flexibility for tackling with unexpected and undesired situations. Strategy implementation directly affects everybody associated in an organization (David, 2006). By frequent monitoring and control of the implemented plans, the company can gauge the effectiveness of a particular plan or change it accordingly based on the effects it is having. Marketing Management and other Aspects of Business Management As mentioned above marketing is an important part of the overall business management and plays an important role in the organizations success. An organizations success depends on how it can satisfy its customers through its products and services. This is where marketing plays an important role. It is the marketing plan of an organization that decides how an organization goes by in making its products and services available to its customers. Also marketing plan is what decides in which market the organization is going to compete and what are the steps to be taken to meet and satisfy the customers needs. Hence, the success of all other aspects of business management is directly or indirectly dependent on the success of the marketing strategy. For example staffing and production or a part of the business management. So these factors are directly dependent how an organizations products and services fares in the market. As mentioned marketing strategy plays an important role in the market success of a product or a service. Hence, all the other aspects of business management are closely related and dependent on the marketing strategy. Key Challenges Affecting Marketing Strategy of the Newspaper Industry Newspaper industry has been one of oldest and dynamic industry that has enjoyed great success for a very long time. Newspaper industry has played a dominant role in public communication in the past century. It has seen tremendous growth and financial success in the second half of the 20th century. Even though the main purpose of the newspaper industry is to make news available to public, its main source of income has been advertising, especially, retail and classified advertising (Picard, 2008). 75 to 85 percent of income of an average newspaper in the Unites States and European countries is accounted by advertising. Newspaper advertising has witnessed a strong and consistent growth in the 20th century and also a relationship was observed between advertising spending and GDP (Gross Domestic Product). All this was possible as there was literally very little competition in the advertising sector (Picard, 2008). The impeccable success of the newspaper industry is now on a decline. The debate over the end of the newspaper industry has been doing rounds since the last decade of the 20th century and early 21st century. But now there have been observable effects of this decline around the world. In the US alone, The Rocky Mountain News and the Ann Arbor have completely shut down wherein Seattle Post Intelligencer has stopped printing and has completely adopted web only model. The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News have cut down their publishing to 3 days a week (Barbara, 2009). In the UK, all national newspapers have recorded a year on year fall. Pearsons financial daily and Independent News Medias the Independent have both recorded a 3.17% and 14.02% year on year drop respectively (Busfield, 2009). There also has been a drop in the number of people employed by the newspaper industry. The number of people employed by the newspaper industry has gone down by 18% over a 14 year period from 19 90 to 2004 (Barbara, 2009). As per Pew Project findings, 14,000 reporting jobs have been lost during 2001 to 2009 (Entman, 2010). All this is a strong indicator of the demise of the newspaper industry. One of the key challenges or reasons for the decline of the news paper industry has been the internet. The situation is best summed up by Will Manley (2008), when he states Thanks to the Internet, the entire newspaper industry is fighting for its life. The internet has hit the core of the industry. It has diverted both the advertisers and the readers away from the newspaper industry. The development of internet and its advertising abilities are now substituting the traditional newspaper classified advertising (Picard, 2008). Internet advertising model has taken away a major chunk of the newspapers primary source of income which is the classified and display advertising and also it has led to a decrease in the readership as well (Gardner, 2009). The newspaper share in the total advertising expenditure has decreased by one third. Clearly the newspaper industry is losing its dominance over the advertising world. First, lets consider the effect of the internet on the readership. Internet has achieved great penetrability today on a global stage and has connected the world like no other communication means in the past. The internet, growing mobility and dropping costs have lead the access of global multimedia networks which link individuals, groups and news organizations (Entman, 2010). This has given the readers access to world news at absolutely no cost. It gives them an opportunity to refine the news topics as per their individual interests and also to search news articles from previous issues if required. These advantages have started diverting readers from the traditional print newspapers to digital news websites on the internet. There is a drastic increase in the number of prole going online or using wireless devices to get news and information (Gardner, 2009). According to research news sites and digital newspapers are among the most widely demanded and visited web sites among the Intern et community worldwide (Flavian Gurrea, 2008). News portals like Google News and Yahoo! News have contributed immensely to this drastic diversion in readership. They dont just offer aggregated news content but also are available 24/7 to anyone who has access to internet from anywhere in the world (Barbara, 2009). Internet news portals and websites have an added advantage. They allow an interaction between the readers and also with the journalist who reports and edits the stories which is not possible in the traditional news papers (Entman, 2010). This is in sync with the trend that a great number of investigative stories about the government wrong doing have appeared on various news and opinion bloggers than in the newspapers (Manley, 2008). This indicates the trend that readers are looking for online resources for news and information. Internet is now being accessed by mobile phones and wireless devices which are not helping the newspaper industrys cause. All these reasons combine d, have lead to a decrease in the readership of newspapers. Lets now consider the threat posed by internet on the newspaper advertising which is the financial back bone of the newspaper industry. Internet has come out with a dynamic advertising model which has proved to be more effective for classified advertising than in the newspapers. This has made a damaging impact on the newspaper industry as classified advertising has been the primary category of advertising sales and growth (Picard, 2008). The decline in readership and the advantages that internet advertising offers has made advertisers reconsider their overall advertising spending patterns. Concerns over the effectiveness of advertising took more momentum due to the economic downturn and recessions. This made advertisers explore new media for advertising and internet was a great substitute (Picard, 2008). Internet had great advertising models which attracted traffic and also advertisers could target their customers which were not possible through newspapers. Models like Google AdSense are a great example of this business model where people were paid for displaying ads on their personal websites and for increasing the traffic. Also there are agencies that pay people for viewing ads which means the advertisements have maximum reach. Huge revenues generated by Google, Yahoo, MSN are an indicator where the advertisers are channeling their dollars (Barbara, 2009). The newspaper industry is no more interesting to the advertisers as it was a couple of decades ago. Newspaper publishers seem to have taken the hardest hit from the technological and economic challenges of publishing (Barbara, 2009). The decline in readership and newspaper advertising has made the newspaper industry less financially interesting for investors as they are looking for profits and assets growth (Picard, 2008). Strategic Analysis of the Newspaper Industry As mentioned above, strategic analysis is the main and foremost component of marketing management. A strategic analysis must analyze all the factors that influence the marketing strategy of an organization. Below is the SWOT analysis of the newspaper industry. SWOT Analysis SWOT (Strength, Weakness. Opportunities, Threats) analysis helps an organization to determine where it is doing well and where it needs improvement. SWOT analysis must be made relative to the market needs and competition (Ferrell Hartline, 2007). Following is the SWOT analysis of the newspaper industry: Strengths: The strength of the newspaper industry is that it targets a wide range of customers across the globe. Newspaper industry has penetration remote parts of the globe where there are no other sources of world news. This is great strength as this gives the newspaper industry a large customer base. Weakness: The cutting of trees for paper has become a global issue under the global warming context. The dependence of newspaper industry on paper has become its biggest weakness as there is huge support from world wide for e-books and papers. The newspaper industry must come up with an alternative to paper. Opportunities: There is a huge opportunity for the newspaper industry to venture into other markets and use advanced technologies to reach the customers or readers. Newspaper industry can join hands with electronic media to come up new business strategies and plans. But this is an opportunity which has to be used. Threats: As mentioned above electronic media is an opportunity if used but right now it is a threat to the newspaper industry especially in developed countries. Electronic media have gained popularity in the last couple of decades and have become a serious threat to the newspaper industry. Conclusion Strategic marketing management is very important for the success of any organization. The marketers must understand the importance of this and use the various tools and ideas at their disposal to come up with ideas and strategies that will help the organization to beat the competition and succeed. Being innovative in formulating strategies is the need of the hour for every organization in order to survive in todays highly competitive industrial world. In particular, newspaper industry has to adopt new ways and methods to overcome the challenges posed by the technological advancements, particularly ineternet. The importance of marketing management can not be stressed any further and its high time that the organizations world wide realizes and implements marketing management in their business model.

Cultural Evolution vs. Technological Innovation Essay examples -- Expl

Cultural Evolution vs. Technological Innovation Historically, in the relationship between human culture and technology, cultural evolution has lagged behind the pace of technological innovation. Technology is the human solution to fulfilling human needs. As these needs change, new technologies will supplement the old ones; inevitably changing the culture which created it, resulting in a co-evolution of technology and culture; and impacting the future of their culture. The disparate rate of cultural vs. technological evolution has consequences which cloud the prospect of the future of the human race unless we change the historical blueprint and try to thwart our disposition towards ignoring the responsibility we have today for the world we will live in tomorrow. Cultural evolution is the nature of human interaction, their relationship with the environment and the immediate and long term trajectory of these interactions as influenced by inherited knowledge, lifestyle and customs is how a culture adapts itself to the progress within and around it. Morgan "saw the history of human cultures as a progression from savagery, through barbarism to civilization" (Chant 54). This progression was inevitably caused by technology. Technological innovation is increasing human mastery over resources and sources of energy. Technology has developed because of humans' "fear of death that our consciousness keeps lurking in the background". Technology historically has given solutions to the problems of survival by creating more efficient ways to get food and energy. However, after humans establish themselves at the top of the food chain, although the threshold between survival and comfort is unclear; human focus shifts from brute survival... ...chnologies than to change the cultures. The earth has reached the threshold, of human life that can be supported; in order to survive, humans need to take a two fold approach- the industrialized world needs to put into practice green energies; and all human cultures need to anticipate the macroevolutionary consequences of the daily culture and lifestyle. Choices need to be made, keeping sustainability in mind. History has shown that human law, religion, government and policy greatly influence cultural macroevolution. Sources Chant, Colin. Pre-industrial Cities & Technology. London: Routledge. 1999. Cipolla, C. M. Epilog from â€Å"Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700.† Sunflower Univ. Press, 1996. Ehrlich, Paul R., in Human Natures: Genes Cultures, and the Human Prospect, Island Press, 2000.