The History and Achievements of Palomar Observatory

Southern California is home to two major observatories, Mount Wilson, north of Los Angeles, and Palomar Observatory, northeast of San Diego. Both were conceived in the late 19th century, built and expanded in the 20th Century, and continue to do cutting-edge astronomy observations in the 21st. Palomar Observatory, located on Palomar Mountain, is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and was started by astronomer George Ellery Hale. He was also the brains behind the Mount Wilson Observatory. Hale was a Caltech founder and was very interested in building ever-larger and more accurate telescopes. Palomar Observatory Telescopes Palomar Observatory is located northeast of San Diego, California, at the summit of Palomar Mountain.The biggest telescope at Palomar is the 200-inch, 530-ton Hale Telescope. It was named for founder George Ellery Hale.The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Telescope is operated remotely and uses a variety of cameras and instruments.  It produces hundreds of images per night in survey mode.The facilitys 60-inch telescope came online in 1970 and is remotely operated by astronomers at Caltech.Astronomers have used Palomar telescopes to discover and study everything from exoplanets, Kuiper Belt Objects, and supernovae, to dark matter and distant galaxies. The 200-Inch Telescope Palomar is home to one of the largest telescopes in the world, the 200-inch Hale Telescope. Built by Hale with support from the Rockefeller Foundation, the creation of its mirror and building began in the 1920s. The Hale Telescope had its first light in late 1949, and it has been one of the premier instruments for astronomy ever since. It was painstakingly built, and its mirror carefully hauled up the mountain in 1947, just two years before its first light. The 200-inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory. Caltech/Palomar Observatory Today, the 200-inch Hale telescope is outfitted with adaptive optics systems that help it capture clear imagery. Astronomers use a Large  Format Camera (LFC) to study objects in visible light, as well as a Wide-field Infrared Camera (WIRC) to capture data about distant objects in infrared light. There are also several images available that help astronomers use the telescope to study various cosmic objects over several wavelengths.   To support such a huge telescope and its instruments, the builders of Palomar Observatory placed it all on a giant stell mount. The whole telescope weighs 530 tons and requires very precise motors for motion. Because southern California is subject to earthquakes, the telescope and its mount rest on piers that are anchored to bedrock some 22 feet below ground. this provides a very stable platform for the very precise observations astronomers need.   More Palomar Telescopes The 200-inch wasnt the only telescope built and installed at Palomar. Astronomer Fritz Zwicky used a much smaller 18-inch telescope on the mountain to do his supernova research. That instrument is currently decommissioned. In 1948, the 48-inch Schmidt telescope was put into service and has been used ever since. It has been renamed the Samuel Oschin Schmidt telescope in honor of a southern California entrepreneur who donated money to the observatory. This telescope is also famous for its use in one of the first large photographic sky surveys ever undertaken: the Palomar Observatory/National Geographic Sky Survey (known colloquially as POSS).  The plates from that survey are still in use today. Today, the Oschin telescope is equipped with a state-of-the-art CCD detector and is currently in robotic mode, surveying the skies for a variety of objects.  It has been used to study large-scale structures in the universe, to look for dwarf planets, and to detect the sudden flares that herald explosive events such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and outbursts by active galactic nuclei. In the 1970s, Palomar Observatory also opened a 60-inch telescope to astronomers. It was a gift by the Mayer family and is a survey telescope. The Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory. Scott Roberts, Michael Vergara, Jean Large. CC BY-SA 3.0 Famous Discoveries at Palomar Over the years, a number of prominent astronomers have made observations using both Mount Wilsons large telescope and Palomars 200-inch and smaller instruments. They include Edwin P. Hubble, Fritz Zwicky, Allan Sandage, Maarten Schmidt, Eleanor Helin, Vera P. Rubin (who was one of the first women allowed to use the telescope), Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker, and Mike Brown. Between them, these astronomers expanded our view of the universe, looked for evidence of dark matter, tracked comets, and, in an interesting twist of astronomy politics, used the telescope to downgrade dwarf planet Pluto. That breakthrough sparked a debate that continues to this day in the planetary science community. Visiting Palomar Observatory When possible, Palomar Observatory opens its doors to public visitors, even as it conducts professional research for astronomers. It also maintains a staff of volunteers who help with visitors and represent the observatory at local community events. Sources â€Å"Caltech Optical Observatories.† The 48-Inch Samuel Oschin Telescope, www.astro.caltech.edu/observatories/coo/.â€Å"Hale Telescope, Palomar Observatory.† NASA, NASA, www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?idPIA13033.The 48-Inch Samuel Oschin Telescope, www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/homepage.html.

Culture New Zealander - 2314 Words

Culture: New Zealander There are numerous aspects of my life that have influenced my cultural identity and how I perceive/conduct myself. When asked my ethnicity I distinguish as a New Zealander. I feel being a ‘New Zealander’ allows me to incorporate all of my ethnicities under one metaphorical concept, of what being a New Zealander means. Even though, I have several ethnicities I can directly identify with, I consider this too restrictive in association with my cultural identity; not giving my heritage the credit it warrants. This is supported by Baldwin Linsley’s (1994) theory, stipulating that â€Å"we do not advocate a singular definition of culture because any one definition is too restrictive† (p. 86). Because of the wide range of hybridity in New Zealand’s culture, it is difficult to distinguish the true identity of what an exact New Zealander is, and what ideologies connect with its characteristics. I can relate to this personally because of the wide array of ethos intertwined in my heritage, inordinately affecting my own personal identity in positive and negative retrospect. A key aspect which culturally upholds my aspirations as a New Zealander is the celebration of Christmas. This is the one time of year where everyone from each side of the family unites to commemorate belonging and family. It was apparent from a young age that my father’s family was less religious than my mother’s side. Subsequently our family did not celebrate the religious aspects of ChristmasShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Pakeha857 Words   |  3 Pagesdemonstrated than in the popular and inï ¬â€šuential memoir-texts of New Zealand historian Michael King, Being Pakeha (1985), Pakeha: The quest for identity in New Zealand (1991) and Being Pakeha Now (2004). 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Psychology Child Development

Question: Discuss about the Psychologyfor Child Development. Answer: Introduction As human beings, curiosity tends to drive us to understand the reasons as to why events happen around us. Hence, when we meet someone doing something we tend to try and understand the motive behind this person doing this. Similarly, we also tend to try and understand our experience and behavior in different situations. Therefore, the eagerness and curiosity tends to guide us on how people are different from each other in regards to their aptitude, temperament and intellectual capacity (Heine, 2015). Trying to investigate why a person is happy or sad, why do persons become friendly and develop antagonistic relationship, and why do some people learn quickly that other is what we call psychology. To an ordinary person the answer to his novice tends to be guided by common sense, but, as a psychologist one tends to study reasons behind those activities in a systematic manner meaning that the results attained are scientific and can be tested from time to time (Lamb, 2004). Before diving deep into the context of psychology which we have learnt. Perhaps, providing some definitions of what psychology is may be vital. According to Brinkmann (2014), he argues that psychology is a science where one studies behavior and mental process of a person. He further argues that behavior includes variety of overt actions which include; social interactions, walking and gestures and emotional reactions which could include frowning of laughing. For mental process, it includes thoughts, ideas and also complex aspects used in reasoning that psychologist use in making inferences about mental process through study of behavior. On the other hand, Ormrod (2014) states that psychology tends to differ from common sense because its a science. Rather than observing, psychologist tend to use systematic observations which tend to yield comprehensive theories and also knowledge. Further analysis by Renninger et al (2014) shows that psychology further extends to the investigation of p roblem behaviors such as violence or even drug abuse. In the early days, philosophers discussed many topics which are studied in modern psychology such as free will, memory and attraction. The emergence of American psychologist William James became the birth of psychology as a discipline. In this early days, psychology was studied using two theoretical perspectives which includes; functionalism and structuralism. Functionalism entailed the change in mind which is constant and therefore it would be pointless to search for building blocks of experience. Hence, the suggestion that psychologist should always look for the underlying cause of behavior as well as the mental process being involved. As for structuralism, it relied on the introspection, which was a research where subjects related to what was going on their minds when performing certain activities. Therefore, the idea of psychologist carrying out investigations on the causes and behavior of objective procedures such as measurement, observation and analysis backed up by theories, i nterpretations, and predictions is what makes psychology a discipline (Moore Dunham, 2014). Psychology as a discipline tends to investigate a wide range of phenomenon which ranges from sensation, perception, emotions, motivations, thinking, personality, social behavior, intelligence, mental illness and even child development. Studies done from our class module tends to suggest that academias were cautious when airing the ethical dilemmas faced when conducting their research work, but in the current are this situation seems to be changing. Hence, this makes research and ethics a key part in psychology because it tends to lowers the ethical concerns that are likely to rise from work (Ormrod, 2014). Ethics and research tends to have the following significance in psychology: Ethics and research in psychology prevents psychologist from deceiving their patients. Hence, psychologist can lie to their patients for their own good. But, deception might fall into many different codes ranging from conducting research. For instance. Ethical codes for a psychologist during research prevents him from violating codes of conduct such as deception of patient. Ethically, psychologist are mandated with certain rules and regulations so as to protect the public or even the clients. The existence of this ethical principles is followed not only to protect the psychologist but the interest of the public, families and the client (Inhelder et al, 2014). The existence of ethical codes and research tends to protect the public and also the psychologist from any harm that may arise from mishandling of a situation. It means that the physical, emotional and financial situation is protected within these codes. Ethics and research tends to regulate the behavior and situation being dealt with. Hence, the codes tend to be put in place such that psychologist services are provides without any breach that may cause physical or emotional harm to those receiving the services. Additionally, through the study of psychology over the few years. I have also been able to understand more on specified psychology schools which are prepared to intervene with individuals and systems. Hence, the systems involved must be effectively developed, implemented and correctly evaluated (Paloutzian Park, 2014). Additionally, as a psychologist if I was preparing to participate is school psychology, it would be vital to at least learn some psychological diagnosis, assessment, intervention, prevention and program development which is vital in the school system. In conclusion, based on the above discussion it has been clear to me that psychology includes evaluation of cognitive assessments, there may be also a look at emotions and behavioral concerns, and measurement of adaptive function. Additionally, as a psychologist you tend to provide different services such as counseling, learning difficulties that people experience, engagement in group programs, parental programming and also consultation services. Therefore, as a professional psychologist you should also be dedicated in outstanding and comprehensive services to different groups such as families, schools or even adolescents. References Heine, S. J. (2015).Cultural Psychology: Third International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (2004).The role of the father in child development. John Wiley Sons. Renninger, A., Hidi, S., Krapp, A. (2014).The role of interest in learning and development. Psychology Press. Moore, C., Dunham, P. (2014).Joint attention: Its origins and role in development.Psychology Press. Inhelder, B., Sinclair, H., Bovet, M. (2014).Learning and the Development of Cognition Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press. Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Ormrod, J. E. (2014).Essentials of educational psychology: Big ideas to guide effective teaching. Pearson Higher Ed. Paloutzian, R. F., Park, C. L. (2014).Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. Guilford Publications.